Medieval Manuscripts And Modern Media

The history of written literature is long and fascinating; in Medieval times, manuscripts were made in a laborious and expensive process of using animal skins for pages, feather quills for pens and colored inks to make exquisite bibles and other religious texts. The literary culture of medieval times was very different than today; since books were rare and literacy was low, texts were passed on orally through reading or memory (Mary Swan, 2003). Manuscripts were enormously expensive and the manuscript writers were accomplished artists and mostly monks who composed their work in the cloisters. A typical medieval manuscript began its life as a stretched and treated animal skin (parchment). Next, an outline was sketched then penned using a feather quill of the highest quality. The ink was made of metal gall (usually iron), or oxide, which was a mixture of tannic acids with coppers and thickened with gum Arabic. The main ingredient was oak apple, derived from the leaves and twigs of an oak tree (Diane Victoria Horn, 1997). This mixture of ink containing acids actually etched the parchment and the pigments of ink filled in the etchings and could be reapplied over time to keep the manuscript in pristine condition. Next, gold leaf was applied and burnished, followed by the copying of the text by scribes. The last to be added were the decorations and illustrations, which were elaborate. Finally, the book was bound, the parchments sewn by hand and covered with wood such as ash or beech or oak. The making of a manuscript could take anywhere between days (in the case of a professional scribe paid by the job) or years (in the case of monks, who had other obligations and penned books when duties were done). Because of the amount of time and care involved to make a manuscript, not to mention the employment of highly skilled artisans and scribes, manuscripts were prohibitively expensive to buy and were largely confined to church altars. Bibles were the most copied manuscripts, and eventually churches took a vested interest in teaching nobles and their children to read, using these manuscripts. The manuscripts bore no date of completion, nor the names of the men who made them (Horn). In medieval manuscript culture, originality of text was not the aim of the scribes as it is today with contemporary authors. The scribes simply made copies, embellishing them with the decorations and script of their culture and time (Swan). Unlike today, collections of books were unheard of in terms of the general populace. The churches protected the manuscripts, even as they are today, in museums, cathedrals and the Vatican. These priceless treasures bear the skill and devotion of craft and skill by those who made them. Looking at an original manuscript, one is awed by the care and level of expertise evident in the pages of elaborate decorations. We will now move forward in time to early mass production of books, which began in the 16th century when the codex replaced the roll and book printing and binding was transferred from churches and monasteries to universities and later commercial publishers (David Fernando, 2002). Where in medieval times manuscript bindings were lavishly decorated with ivory, precious gems and gold, subsequent books were leather-bound and decorated with stamp embossing and gold leaf. As book production increased, the use of cloth replaced that of parchment, and paper later replaced cloth. In modern times, bookbinding reflects the art and architecture of the time; books are still hand-bound and very expensive, requiring these editions to be safely stored to prevent damage. Many hand-made books are used as journals, with hand-bound blank pages contained within leather or decorated wood covers. In moving to the 21st century, we now find books readily available at a low cost. The current culture is attracted to books by author and genre, and a book begins as a decision by a publisher to print it. The use of digital technology to reproduce books gives them a rapid distribution and the artwork used is wide and varied depending upon the publisher’s decisions. An original manuscript is put through the process of editing and finishing. Stored electronically and ready to be printed, in a method called offset printing. Today’s books require a certain amount of care and proofreading before going to print, and in stark contrast to manuscripts of old, texts are now fiercely protected under copyright laws and originality is imperative to sales. With the advent of digital texts, e-books, and paperback copies, books are largely taken for granted and handled carelessly without regard to craftsmanship. What was once revered as forbidden territory to be handled lovingly and carefully is now so much a part of everyday life that books are given away, sold to second-hand bookstores, discarded easily or donated to libraries and schools. As with many modern items, books have made the transition from belonging to the few to the many, and what was once reserved for serious study is now used for everything from learning to entertainment. References Ferdinando, David, â€Å"Book Binding Trade.† Ferdinando Family History Site. December 2002, 25 November 2005 http://www.ferdinando.org.uk/book_binding.htm#manuf%20today Horn, Diane Victoria. â€Å"Leaves Of Gold: How Medieval Manuscripts Were Made.† 2000 – 2002. Philadelphia Museum Of Art. 26 November 2005 Swan, Mary. University of Leeds. â€Å"Medieval Manuscript Culture.† The Literary Encyclopedia.   4 Sep. 2003. The Literary Dictionary Company.   27 November 2005. http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1324      

Seperation of Power

The separation of powers essay | Law Teacher Latest Update >> Writing a law dissertation appendix Search site†¦ My Account Order online anytime – Need help? Tel: 0115 966 7966 Like 1. 8k We're the most liked Law Essay Writing Service! ; Home Prices Services Order Guarantees About Us Law Help Law Essay Help Contact Us You are here: Law Teacher  » Constitutional Law  » Essays  » Separation Of Powersessay Translate this Free Law Essays page ? The separation of powers essay Search all our free law essays†¦These essays have been written by students for you to use to help you with your studies. If you need your own custom law essay then we can help†¦. Get a quote for your own law essay†¦ Dissertation Help Select Language Coursework Help Search Share & Download Like 0 Don't Get Ripped Law Study Guides BVC/BPTC Guides Off Print Download LPC Letter Drafting How to avoid Law Cases getting ripped off by other essay writing companies. 0 Email Law Essay Areas Find out more Helpful Law Info ‘The Separation of Powers, as usually understood, is not a concept to which the United Kingdom constitution adheres. Discuss This essay aims to examine the reasons for and why it is important to have a separation of powers, to examine the United Kingdom's constitution, assessing our somewhat unclear separation of powers, and discussing the reasons why we do not have a strict separation, taking into account the overlaps and relationships between each limb of Government and the checks and balances required for it to operate efficiently. The political doctrine of the Separation of Powers can be traced back to Aristotle, who states: â€Å"There are three elements in each constitution .. irst, the deliberative, which discusses everything of common importance; second the officials; and third, the judicial element. † This highlights the three elementary functions that are required for the organisation of any state. Nowadays, they are defined as the l egislature, the executive and the judiciary, and are carried out by Government. The legislature is the law-making body, and is comprised of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The legislative function involves ‘the enactment of general rules determining the structure and powers of public authorities and regulating the conduct of citizens and private organisations.Australian Law Resources Free Australian law resources to help you with your studies! Find out more Need A Law Essay Quote? Use our online calculator to get an instant quote online for your law essay. Find out more Not studying law but still need writing help? http://www. lawteacher. net/constitutional-law/essays/separation-of-powersessay. php[20-03-2013 01:11:41 PM] The separation of powers essay | Law Teacher The executive is all the institutions and persons concerned with the implementation of the laws made by the legislature.It involves central and local government and the armed forces. The role of the ex ecutive ‘.. includes initiating and implementing legislation, maintaining order and security, promoting social and economic welfare, administering public services and conducting the external relations of the state. The judiciary is made up mainly of professional judges, and their main function is ‘to determine disputed questions of fact and law in accordance with the law laid down by Parliament and expounded by the courts and .. is exercised mainly in the civil and criminal courts. The question which now arises is whether or not there should be a strict separation of each of the above functions. Locke stated: .. it may be too great a temptation to human frailty.. for the same persons who have the power of making laws, to have also their hands the power to execute them, whereby they may exempt themselves from obedience to the laws they make, and suit the law, both in its making and execution, to their own private advantage. We can also help you with essay writing in other areas of study†¦ Find out more Law Essay Writing ServiceFind out how our custom law essay writing service can help you get the grade you deserve. Find out more Similarly, Montesquieu believed that: When legislative power is united with executive power in a single person or in a single body of the magistracy, there is no liberty #46; is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from the legislative power and from the executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator.If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor. All would be lost if the same man or the same body of principal men, either of nobles, or of the people, exercised these three powers: that of making the laws, that of executing public resolutions, and that of judging the crimes or the disputes of individuals. These statements illustrate that both academi cs felt if one, or a group of persons, controlled more than one limb, the result would inevitably be corruption and an abuse of power.Tyranny and dictatorship would ensue and this, in turn, would mean a loss of liberty for the people. However, although each emphasise the importance of a strict separation, it can be seen that in the UK, this is not the case. Parpworth states: ‘a separation of powers is not, and has never been a feature of the UK constitution. An examination of the three powers reveals that in practice they are often exercised by persons which exercise more than one such power. ‘ Why is this so? Why is there not a strict separation? Saunders explains that: ‘.. very constitutional system that purports to be based on a separation of powers in fact provides, deliberately, for a system of checks and balances under which each institution impinges upon another and in turn is impinged upon. ‘ If there was a strict separation, and we did not have overl aps or checks and balances, our system of Government would become unmoveable. A lack of cooperation between limbs would result in constitutional deadlock and therefore, ‘.. complete separation of powers is possible neither in theory nor in practice. There are numerous examples of overlap and checks and balances between the three functions of government, and these shall now be explored. The main instance of overlap, in recent years, was the position of Lord Chancellor. This role has been continually citied to support the view that there is no separation of powers in the United Kingdom. Historically, the position of Lord Chancellor was distinctive in that he was a http://www. lawteacher. net/constitutional-law/essays/separation-of-powersessay. hp[20-03-2013 01:11:41 PM] The separation of powers essay | Law Teacher member of all three branches of Government and exercised all three forms of power. He would sit as speaker in the House of Lords (legislative function), was head of th e judiciary (judicial function), and was a senior cabinet minister (executive function). After the Human Rights Act 1998 and the case of McGonnell v UK (2000) , the Government announced changes to the role of Lord Chancellor in the UK. In McGonnell, the European Court of Human Rights eld that the Royal Court Bailiff of Guernsey had too close a connection between his judicial functions and his legislative and executive roles and as a result did not have the independence and impartiality required by Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950. This had implications on the Lord Chancellors role, as he performed very similar functions in the UK. It was after this that the Government enacted the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, which meant that the Chancellor was replaced as head of the judiciary by the Lord Chief Justice .He was replaced as speaker in the House of Lords by the creation of the post of Lord Speaker , and now only appoints judges on the basis of recommendat ion from a Judicial Appointments Commission . These changes show that there is a strong importance still placed upon the doctrine of separation of powers. However it is still possible to see overlaps within the three limbs. Examining the relationship between the legislature and the executive Bagehot stated that there was a close union and nearly complete fusion of these powers.This notion had been criticised, particularly by Amery, who wrote that: Government and Parliament, however intertwined and harmonized, are still separate and independent entities, fulfilling the two distinct functions of leadership direction and command on the one hand, and of critical discussion and examination on the other. They start from separate historical origins, and each is perpetuated in accordance with its own methods and has its own continuity. So let us examine this relationship. Firstly, the question to ask is whether the same persons form part of both the legislature and executive.It can be seen that ministers are members of one House of Parliament, but there are limitations as to how many ministers can sit in the House of Commons. As well as this, most people within the executive are disqualified from the Commons. These include those in the armed forces and police and holders of public offices. So it can be seen from this that it is ‘only ministers who exercise a dual role as key figures in both Parliament and the executive. ‘ The second question is whether the legislature controls the executive or visa versa. The legislature has, in theory, ultimate control as it is the supreme law making body in this country.However in reality, the executive can be seen to dominate the legislature. Government ministers direct the activities of central government department and have a majority in the House of Commons. Lord Halisham, the former Lord Chancellor, has referred to the executive as an elective dictatorship. He means Parliament is dominated by the Government of the d ay. Elective dictatorship refers to the fact that the legislative programme of Parliament is determined by the government, and government bills virtually always pass the House of Commons because of the nature of the governing party's majority.However, the legislature has opportunities to scrutinise the executive, and does so during question time, debates and by use of committees. The final question in this area is whether or not the legislature and executive exercise each other's functions. It can be seen that the executive performs legislative functions in respect of delegated legislation. Parliament does not have enough time to make all laws and so delegates its power. This is ‘convenient to the executive that ministers and local authorities and departments can implement primary legislation by making regulations. However effective parliamentary procedures exist that scrutinise the use made of delegated power which will be discussed below. http://www. lawteacher. net/constitu tional-law/essays/separation-of-powersessay. php[20-03-2013 01:11:41 PM] The separation of powers essay | Law Teacher The next relationship to be examined is that of the executive and the judiciary, and again, the questions we ask are similar. Firstly, do the same persons form part of the executive and the judiciary? Originally, the executive had the power to appoint judges and the Lord Chancellor sat in the House of Lords.However, following the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, as discussed above, the executive has less control. Judges are now appointed by the Judicial Appointments Committee. The second question is whether the executive control the judiciary or do the judiciary control the executive. Judicial independence is controlled by law. Since the Act of Settlement 1700, superior judges can only be dismissed by an address from both Houses of Parliament. But the judiciary do exercise some control over the executive. This is via judicial review. Bradley and Ewing state that this is an ‘essential function to protect the citizen against unlawful acts of overnment agencies and officials'. It involves the courts determining the lawfulness of executive power and is principally concerned with the legality of the decision-making process when delegated legislation is created. This demonstrates a definitive crossover between the judiciary and executive. However, some public bodies are exempt. For example, in R v Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, ex parte Al Fayed (1998) the court of Appeal ruled that the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards could not be subjected to judicial review.This was largely due to the principles of the separation of powers. The third question is whether or not the executive and judiciary control one another's functions. Once again, overlap can be seen, with the executive exercising a judicial function through the growth of administrative tribunals which adjudicate over disputes involving executive decisions. The final relat ionship to examine is that of the judiciary and legislature, and again, the same questions must be asked. Firstly, do the same persons exercise legislative and judicial functions?To honor the separation of powers, the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 provides that all full time members of the judiciary are barred from membership of the House of Commons. In previous years, the Law Lords from the House of Lords sat in the upper house of the legislature. As a result they: ‘took part, to a limited extent, in legislative business. ‘ However, since the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, they no longer execute legislative functions due to the newly created Supreme Court, which is separate from the House of Lords.Secondly, does the legislature control the judiciary or does the judiciary control the legislature. It is a constitutional convention that MP's should respect judicial independence and not comment on the activities of judges unless there is motion to dismiss a su perior judge. Judges, although they may examine acts of the executive to make sure they conform with the law, cannot review the validity of legislation passed by the legislature due to the doctrine of legislative supremacy. They are under a duty to apply and interpret the laws enacted by Parliament.If a Parliamentary Act is in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights, then, under the Human Rights Act 1998, judges in superior courts can make a declaration of incompatibility. However this does not mean the act is not valid, because, again honoring the separation on powers; only the Parliament can make or unmake law. The final question is whether the legislature and judiciary exercise each other's functions. ‘Each House of Parliament has the power to enforce its own privileges and to punish those who offend against them'. This once again is an example of overlap.The judiciary, when developing the common law, interpret statutes and delegated legislation. Thus, Bradley and Ewing describe them to have a quasi legislative function. They have a narrow ability to legislate, but their ‘decisions are important as a source of law on matters where the Government is unwilling to ask Parliament to legislate, and .. directly affect the formal relationship between the judiciary and Parliament. ‘ In conclusion, it can be seen there are definite relationships between each limb of government, and this shows that the separation of powers is not a concept to which the United Kingdom fully adheres.However, the view of the courts is one of absolute separation. ‘.. it is a feature of the peculiarly British conception of the separation of powers that Parliament, the executive and the courts have their distinct and largely exclusive domain. ‘ Whilst the courts remain of this view, and whilst the three limbs, although they overlap in many ways, remain distinct and largely separate, we can say there is at least a partial separation of powers in the U K.And rightly, as Parpworth points out: ‘an absolute separation would in practice be counterproductive in that it would prevent the abuse of power by preventing the exercise of power. Government could not operate if this were the case. ‘ The recent changes to the constitution as a result of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 prove that the concept is still firmly believed in, and while not always respected, it remains something the Munro states should not be ‘lightly dismissed'. http://www. lawteacher. net/constitutional-law/essays/separation-of-powersessay. hp[20-03-2013 01:11:41 PM] The separation of powers essay | Law Teacher How do you rate the quality of the essay above? Good Neutral Poor ORDER YOUR OWN LAW ESSAY GET A LAW ESSAY QUOTE Request the removal of this law essay http://www. lawteacher. net/constitutional-law/essays/separation-of-powersessay. php like http://www. facebook. com/LawTeacherNet AVomUz8N 0 Like 1. 8k 960 readers Get a quote Order now! 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Moments of dramatic tension Essay

Choose two scenes which you consider to be particularly interesting moments of dramatic tension. Write about why they are especially dramatic and why they are important in the play  For this essay I am going to concentrate on the scene at the end of act one in ‘A View from the Bridge’ by Arthur Miller. In the previous scene Eddie, the main character, has just been to see Alfieri, a lawyer who once represented Eddie’s father and also the narrator for this play, for legal and moral advice on what to do. Eddie is confused and needs someone to kick him in the right direction. I know this because Alfieri said that â€Å"his eyes looked like tunnels†. Eddie feels that Rodolfo is gay and is only after his passport. Another reason Eddie is confused is that he loves Catherine too much. Alfieri has just told Eddie that there is nothing that Eddie can do apart from go to the Immigration Bureau or accept the situation and be happy for the two. This leads into this essay’s scene. It is set in the apartment and opens with Catherine talking about Marco and Rodolfo’s trip to Africa. I believe that the tension begins to grow when Eddie dismisses her excitement. I think this because I believe Eddie is trying to not think about Rodolfo so is saying ‘so what if they have’. It is obvious that Eddie really is interested when he says â€Å"How long that take you, Marco†. Eddie is directing this conversation at Marco and has taken Rodolfo out of the conversation. This shows that Eddie does not like Rodolfo and would rather not think of him. The conversation then carries awhile the tension decreases and the entire family is now into the conversation. Eddie then belittles Beatrice in front of everyone. Beatrice never knew that sardines could not be caught with a hook. I think that this the tension increases with this. Eddie and Beatrice’s relationship has not been smooth lately and this didn’t help.  To release the tension Eddie comes up with a joke. He says that oranges are green and are painted to give them colour. Rodolfo then belittles Eddie by saying pointing out the obvious and saying that lemons are green. I believe he did this because the one of the themes of the book is family loyalty and I think he said this to get revenge for Beatrice. This causes the tension to develop more. Eddie does not want to even talk to Rodolfo let alone be disrespected by him. The tension is then released by Beatrice who changes the topic. This conversation too caries on for sometime and Eddie makes another joke. Eddie says â€Å"they count the kids and there’s a couple extra than when they left?† Rodolfo then says that it is stricter in Italy than it is in Brooklyn. Eddie gets offended by this because Rodolfo is saying that American girls (e.g. Catherine) are easier. I believe that the dramatic tension at this point is higher than any part before it. Miller shows the tension by writing stage directions for Eddie to rise and pace up and down. There is then a conversation between Eddie and Rodolfo. Eddie is comparing Rodolfo and Catherine’s relationship to how one would be in their town in Italy. Beatrice takes Rodolfo’s side in this argument as she knows where it is going. Marco takes Eddie’s side as he doesn’t want any trouble. Marco also tells Rodolfo off and it is clear that Marco wants this argument to end. An argument begins between Beatrice and Eddie then. They are arguin g whether a person is safer during the day or at night. The tension is still on ‘high alert’ when Catherine asks Rodolfo to dance deliberately to annoy Eddie and show him that nothing will come between the two’s relationship. Rodolfo decides not to as he knows that he has already pushed Eddie enough but eventually gives in.  Once again Beatrice lowers the tension by changing the topic. The focus goes back to fishing and it is soon revealed that Rodolfo can cook. Once Eddie hears about it he talks and implies Rodolfo’s homosexuality but Rodolfo takes it as a compliment. Catherine says that he could get a lot of money with these skills and Eddie agrees with her. Eddie says that if he had the skills he would be no where near the waterfront. The tension is rising again as Miller then wrote that Eddie was â€Å"unconsciously twisting the newspaper†. Everyone knows what he is doing so he carries on the speech. While he is talking the newspaper rips in half. I think that this gets everyone nervous and the scene gets more tense. I believe that it signified Eddie getting an idea in his head, like a light bulb above someone on TV when they get an idea. He asks Marco if he wants to go to see a fight next week. He also asks Rodolfo trying to see his reaction. Boxing is a masculine sport and he thought he was asking a ‘woman’. Catherine believes that Eddie is being nice now so she goes to get some coffee. At this point of the scene I think that it is not as tense as it just was but I think that everyone is still nervous. Eddie and Rodolfo then begin to spar and I believe that the audience are now at the edge of their seats waiting to see what will happen. Everyone is impressed thinking that Eddie is making the effort to try to like Rodolfo, but then Eddie comes with a trick attack and lands a blow on Rodolfo. It then becomes clear what Eddie’s intensions were, he wanted an excuse to take his anger on Rodolfo out. Rodolfo does not want to make anything worse so he says that it didn’t hurl him and only surprised him. The tension once again is high and Rodolfo asks Catherine to dance to annoy Eddie. He is sayin g that nothing will get between Catherine and his relationship. Marco then comes and sits a chair in front of Eddie. He challenges him to lift to it from the bottom with one hand. Eddie thinks that this will be easy but soon finds out that it isn’t when he fails. Marco then lifts it above his head to show that he is stronger. Until now Marco had always been on his side by apologising for his brother, Rodolfo, but Eddie has now lost his only supporter. The tension rises as they stare at each other and Marco smiles. Another thing that adds tension here is the stage directions. They say that Marco held the chair ‘like a weapon’. This creates tension as it shows that Marco is threatening Eddie. The scene finished with the tension very high and with Eddie physically threatened. In this scene Arthur Miller has used many ways to show the tension rising. One of these was writing the stage directions. This creates visual images which are really important as they stress the tension; it shows the reader what the audience sees and also shows the tension. Another way he showed the tension was by making the sentences longer. This slows down the pace of the play and created tension. Another way he shows tension is by adding pauses. These add silence and make the audience/reader want to know what happens next. It also gives a moment for the tension to rise.

The legal environment of business and online commerce questions Essay

The legal environment of business and online commerce questions - Essay Example A party, the petitioner, files a petition for certiorari after a judgment has been rendered against him in the inferior court. The petition must specifically state why the relief sought is unavailable in any other court or through any other appellate process, along with information clearly identifying the case and the questions to be reviewed, the relevant provisions of law to be applied, a concise statement of facts relating to the issues, and any other materials required by statute. The voting of the justices on the U.S. Supreme Court determines if a case is precedent when there is a strong majority vote. All decisions by the Supreme Court are the supreme law of the land. The majority vote is usually 6-1 or a complete 7 judge vote. State courts have sweeping and broad jurisdiction, so the cases individual citizens are most likely to be involved in -- such as criminal acts, traffic violations, violations of contracts, and family issues-- are usually handled in state courts. The only cases that are the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts are lawsuits against the United States and those involving certain specific federal laws: criminal, antitrust, bankruptcy, patent, copyright, and some maritime cases. Diversity of citizenship means that a case involving questions that must be answered according to state laws will be heard in a federal court if the parties on the two sides of the case are from different states. - In drafting a contract, several clauses can often provide certainty as to what law will control, where the dispute will be decided and the method of dispute resolution. List and describe them. Why are these clauses useful to a business? These clauses are called forum clauses or choice of forum clauses. The reason why they exist is so that the parties entering into the contract know which law will govern (state v.

Vermiculture Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Vermiculture Technology - Essay Example However, a collection of warms with different feeding styles is preferred. This may include column feeders, burrowing feeders and surface feeders, which do not pose a competition for nutrients, but in the process compliments each other in the feeding process. The worms work in a similar way as in natural decomposition pits; they disintegrate organic matter into small fragments. In the process, they breathe and promote fermentation of the nutrient content. A vermicompost also contains microbes, which aid in the decomposition process. In the event that the materials are depleted, the worm poop and the content are ready for harvesting. The technology is generally cheap and easy to practice for both large and small-scale farmers. The farmer needs to rear the worms in pits, about 3m deep. Broken bricks and earthwork are placed at the bottom to provide for good drainage, the base materials be then covered with a thin layer of cow dung. The materials to be decomposed are then introduced into the pit and water sprinkled to create a conducive environment for the worms. Finally, the worms are introduced to initiate the process (Graft, 2001). Non-continuous- this type of bin involves placing the bedding materials at the base of the bin the adding materials to be decomposed in layers above each other. The worms will then feed on the materials uniformly up the bin. Its major disadvantage in that the entire content of the bin have to be emptied for harvesting. Continuous vertical bin- A series of trays arranged vertically are used in this process. Materials in the order of bedding-worms-organic matter is placed in the bottom tray and finally sealed with a layer of rich bedding. When the worms are through with the content of the lower tray, they move upwards and the lower tray can be harvested. Continuous horizontal bins- the trays are arranged in a horizontal manner, the materials

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics Essay - 1

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics - Essay Example By analyzing the economic data and associated signals, business analysts are able to forecast and predict the future options and take decisions accordingly. Different business and economic analysts look and monitor different economic indicators according to their own requirements and needs. TYPES OF ECONOMIC SIGNALS USED BY ANALYSTS: These signals which are derived from the economic data can be categorized as direct signals or indirect signals. The direct signals are easy to interpret and relate with the economic condition. Whereas, the indirect or casual signals are used by the economic and business analyst in order to predict the indirect impact of macroeconomic indicator on the economic condition in future. This difference of direct and indirect signals can be explained with the help of an example. The economic reports about the increased GDP and growth in different commodities results in directly influencing the value of the currency and the investors in turn can make profits fro m it. The indirect signals which can be derived from the predictions about the increased GDP and economic growth, as a result of which the traders of currency indulge in buying more currency in anticipation of future growth in the currency value and making profits. MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RETAIL SALES DATA AND INTERPRETATION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SIGNALS: The data of retail sales is generally used by different economic analysts in order to predict the amount of the personal or consumer consumption on different physical goods. Personal consumption is one of the four major components of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and directly reflects the economic condition of any country. Sometimes, economic analysts also use the data of retail sales in place of the consumer consumption in the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), if actual data about consumer consumption is not available (Rogers, 4). In reference to the analysis of the business conditions, the increase in the ret ail sales clearly indicates the increase in the purchasing power of the consumers along with the increasing demand of the physical products. The retailers and manufacturers can take in turn predict that this increase in the retail sales will ultimately increase the price and in response to this the supply of the products increases in order to reap more benefits. All these factors will contribute in the process of economic growth and development. On the other hand if the retail sales decrease this signals the decrease in the purchasing power of consumers, along with decrease in the demand of the products. Which in turn will put downward pressure on the prices and will reduce the supply of these products. This as a whole will slow down the process of economic growth. Along with this the data about the retail sales can guide the business analysts about the changing demands and needs of the consumers. QUESTION # 2: HENRY HAZLITT CONCEPT OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS IN MACROECNOMICS: Henry H azlitt has proposed a whole new idea of economic policies and decisions. He, after second world war, presented in this book ‘Economics in One Lesson’ that the main concept behind all studies and theories of economies is that the analyst and policy makers should keep in mind the long term and larger impacts of any economy policy and not only the short term implications (Rockwell, 7).

My Study Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Study Space - Essay Example I feel comfortable here. Everything I need is close at hand and everything I don't want is far away and out of sight. The lighting is adequate, though at times it seems a bit dim. The fluorescent desk lamp has a failing bulb and sometimes does more harm than good. It gives off just enough light to illuminate the surrounding area, which is quite cluttered and acts as a constant reminder that I need to clean out the basement. Because it's underground, the temperature stays well regulated all year around. It's cool in the summer and warm in the winter. My cat, AWOL, likes the area also and spends many hours here with me. He can often be found lying in my plush, swivel chair as I come down here to study. At times he can be a distraction, though it's only a short walk up the stairs to put him out of sight and out of mind. As much as I enjoy my personal study space, there are some improvements I'd like to make. I would like to partition this corner of the basement off and create more of an office atmosphere. That would allow me to introduce some aroma into the area with the hopes of overcoming the perpetual musty smell of an old cellar. My favorite would be vanilla, though I also like the more exotic eastern incense smells. The partition would also serve as another barrier that I could place between the outside world and me, instilling an added layer of safety and recluse.

Reading Adam Smith in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reading Adam Smith in the 21st Century - Essay Example Adam Smith was born in 1723 in a village called Kirkcaldy in Scotland. His family was influential; his father the elder Adam Smith held several important positions at the time of his death in 1723. At the age of fourteen Smith entered Glasgow College where his teachers included among other famous men, the great Frances Hutcheson. Smith was to discover and foster his talents and abilities in this college. John Rae (1895) in his biography of Smith titled The Life of Adam Smith stated that it was Hutcheson and later Hume who seem to have had the most influence on Smith. Hutcheson was an engaging and powerful speaker who animated Smith's mind. Hutcheson was one of a new breed of philosophers who were perceived to be radical in their thoughts and beliefs by the theological conservatives. In fact Rae credited Hutcheson with the development of Smith's ideas on natural liberty, the value of labor as the source of wealth etc. Soon after on a Snell scholarship Smith left for Oxford in 1740. In a strong contrast to Glasgow, the atmosphere at Oxford was lax and lackadaisical. Smith found that Oxford, being wealthy through endowments had become inept as a result. Lecturers had no incentive to perform and the students were pretty much left to themselves to learn on their own. However in the six years he spent there he kept himself busy mainly by reading the ancient Greek and Latin classics. After graduating, Smith went back to Scotland. In 1750 he was appointed Professor of Logic at Glasgow College and a short while later shifted to the Chair of Moral Philosophy. It was while he was Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow College that he wrote The Theory of Moral Sentiments in 1759, the book that he himself considered to be his finest accomplishment. The Theory of Moral Sentiments grounds sympathy as the basis of social relationships and in the larger sense of society itself. The book is believed to share Smith's own belief in Stoicism as well as the influence of Hutcheson. The Theory of Moral Sentiments demonstrates that Stoicism was an important part of the mental make-up of Smith. Smith basically combined the stoic precept of self command with the Christian idea of benevolence. Much like the Stoics, Smith too prefigured the social bond among humans in terms of "sympathy" while the Stoic idea of world citizenship and self-command portend the role of Smith's impartial spectator (p.10). The Theory of Moral Sentiments tries to understand the function of moral behavior in society. Smith departed from Hutcheson and other philosophers in that tradition like Shaftesbury and Hume by defining motive as an essential element of moral behavior. Hutcheson had rejected that motive had anything to do with morality and instead claimed that man possessed a certain innate sense that propelled him to be moral. Smith makes motive an integral part of moral behavior arguing that people often look to the motives of a benefactor before bestowing their approval of a beneficent action. An act of kindness performed unknowingly without the motive to do good to anyone does not bring the same admiration and esteem that result when it is deemed that the action was performed with the knowledge that it would

Relevance of Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay

Relevance of Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example In fact risk taking is directly linked to larger amount of earnings. In order to lure investors, risky investments must offer greater returns. Actually risk and returns go hand in hand. It is the belief of investors to distribute their risks and so they diversify their investments as well. They always like to make their investments in a portfolio of assets as they never like to stack all their eggs in one basket. Hence what really matters is not the risk and returns alone, but the risk and return on a portfolio of assets on the whole. According to James Bradfield (2007, p167) an assortment of securities is known as a portfolio. Portfolio theory is a conventional scrutiny of the relationship between risk and return on the risky securities. The rate of returns is particularly measured through alpha, beta, and R-squared. A random variant denotes the rate of return from a portfolio. The computation of the probability distribution generating the returns rate of the security contained in the portfolio depends on the probability distribution creating the value for the portfolio. The hypothesis is helpful for a patron. It helps them to decide and allocate their funds in risky securities thus creating a portfolio. This investment indicates the preferences with regard to the combination of risk and anticipated returns of the investors. The CAPM is a link between the risks and returns on the investments. After (Sharpe, William F.1964, pp. 425-442) developed the CAPM theory several other researchers have developed the theory with giving importance to the diversifiable and non-diversifiable risks of different investments. Previously the CAPM had only a single risk factor which was the risk of the entire movement of the market. This risk is denoted as "market risk" and the formula for CAPM is as follows: E (Ri) = Rf +i [E (RM) - Rf] Where E (RM) = expected return on a "market portfolio" i = measure of methodical risk of asset i comparative to "market portfolio". "The expected return for an asset i according to CAPM is equal risk free rate plus a risk premium" (Frank J. Fabozzi and Harry Markowitz, 2002, p.67). Later on research was conducted and the creators of CAPM theory related diversifiable which are unsystematic risks and non-diversifiable which are systematic risks for all the securities in the portfolio. Some management individuals conceived that CAPM is not genuine as it dominates participating management and investment study. Frank J. Fabozzi and Harry Markowitz states "even though the idea is not true it does not mean that the constructs introduced by the theory are not important. Constructs introduc

Heat Transfer from Steam to Water Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Heat Transfer from Steam to Water - Lab Report Example Heat is a form of energy and the level of energy contained in a certain object is shown by the level of temperature in the object. The main purpose of this experiment was to test on the heat transfer from steam to water. Stem is usually produced when the water is heated to its boiling point and the heat can also be transferred from steam to water. Unlike the heat transfer by the other processes, e.g. condensation, radiation and conduction, heat transfer by condensation for example in steam does not involve temperature change. The steam passes on its latent heat to the products when it condenses on the heat transfer surface. This product formed for the condensate still contains its own sensible heat and this heat is of the same temperature that is contained in the steam from which it was produced. This experiment uses two sets of equipment. The first set is described under â€Å"Heating Liquids in Tank Storage.† The second set is described under â€Å"Corning Heat Exchanger.â €  The main aim of this experiment is to test on the heat transfer from the steam to water and to produce analysis from the data collected in the lab. Usually, the latent heat that is contained within the steam is released instantly as the steam condenses into the liquid state. The amount of latent heat that is released ranges from 2-5 times greater than the amount of sensible heat available from water after cooling.The objective is to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (Uo) for the external heat exchanger at two different water circulation rates.   The rate of heat transfer that is often obtained during the condensation of the vapour is always very crucial since it is used in many industries in the steam heated vessels where the steam condenses and produces the heat. It is also applied in the distillation and evaporation where vapors produced must first be condensed. The latent heat of vaporization is produced at a constant temperature that is the boiling temperat ure of the liquid. The Equations were used to compute the over-heat transfer coefficient. The equations enabled the valves of both experimental as well as heat transfer coefficient to be calculated.

The Mystery of the Mayan Decline Essay Example for Free

The Mystery of the Mayan Decline Essay Can say for certain what happened to the Mayan people, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. It is believed that Queen Hatshepsut dressed as a man to gain support of the Egyptians. After her death, her successor removed as many remnants of her rule as possible. Although a pharaoh, her mummified remains and tomb have never been conclusively found. Tutankhamen died young, at around 18 years of age. However, his cause of death has not been confirmed. Did he die of an injury, of illness, or was he murdered? Considered the â€Å"Mummy’s Curse,† a series of unexplainable, unfortunate, or tragic events that happened to the people who were present at the opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb. The monumental size and complexity of can say for certain what happened to the Mayan people, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. It is believed that Queen Hatshepsut dressed as a man to gain support of the Egyptians. After her death, her successor removed as many remnants of her rule as possible. Although a pharaoh, her mummified remains and tomb have never been conclusively found. Tutankhamen died young, at around 18 years of age. However, his cause of death has not been confirmed. Did he die of an injury, of illness, or was he murdered? Considered the â€Å"Mummy’s Curse,† a series of unexplainable, unfortunate, or tragic events that happened to the people who were present at the opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb. The monumental size and complexity of can say for certain what happened to the Mayan people, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. It is believed that Queen Hatshepsut dressed as a man to gain support of the Egyptians. After her death, her successor removed as many remnants of her rule as possible. Although a pharaoh, her mummified remains and tomb have never been conclusively found. Tutankhamen died young, at around 18 years of age. However, his cause of death has not been confirmed. Did he die of an injury, of illness, or was he murdered? Considered the â€Å"Mummy’s Curse,† a series of unexplainable, unfortunate, or tragic events that happened to the people who were present at the opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb. The monumental size and complexity of can say for certain what happened to the Mayan people, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. It is believed that Queen Hatshepsut dressed as a man to gain support of the Egyptians. After her death, her successor removed as many remnants of her rule as possible. Although a pharaoh, her mummified remains and tomb have never been conclusively found. Tutankhamen died young, at around 18 years of age. However, his cause of death has not been confirmed. Did he die of an injury, of illness, or was he murdered? Considered the â€Å"Mummy’s Curse,† a series of unexplainable, unfortunate, or tragic events that happened to the people who were present at the opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb. The monumental size and complexity of can say for certain what happened to the Mayan people, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. It is believed that Queen Hatshepsut dressed as a man to gain support of the Egyptians. After her death, her successor removed as many remnants of her rule as possible. Although a pharaoh, her mummified remains and tomb have never been conclusively found. Tutankhamen died young, at around 18 years of age. However, his cause of death has not been confirmed. Did he die of an injury, of illness, or was he murdered? Considered the â€Å"Mummy’s Curse,† a series of unexplainable, unfortunate, or tragic events that happened to the people who were present at the opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb. The monumental size and complexity of can say for certain what happened to the Mayan people, but theories abound and include varied possible alternatives to explain the abrupt and mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. It is believed that Queen Hatshepsut dressed as a man to gain support of the Egyptians. After her death, her successor removed as many remnants of her rule as possible. Although a pharaoh, her mummified remains and tomb have never been conclusively found. Tutankhamen died young, at around 18 years of age. However, his cause of death has not been confirmed. Did he die of an injury, of illness, or was he murdered? Considered the â€Å"Mummy’s Curse,† a series of unexplainable, unfortunate, or tragic events that happened to the people who were present at the opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb. The monumental size and complexity of

Types of informal research method Essay Example for Free

Types of informal research method Essay o What type of informal research method did you use? o How was your research method similar to research methods used by psychologists? o If given another opportunity, what would you have done differently? When thinking about a time I had to test a theory there are many that come to mind. One thing that comes to mind is when my middle daughter had a situation at school where she was being labeled with ADHD and the school demanded her to be put on medication. I wanted to make sure that if there was any issue then we could start at step one. I wanted to make sure that it was not something that was causing this or if it was something medically wrong. My theory was my daughter was bored and just acting out because she was not being challenged. Once I was given the information by the school to get my daughter on medication I used the information and looked online to find out if my daughter had any of the symptoms that the scyhool had described. I used Google to find out the information I needed and was directed to WebMD. I found out that many of the symptoms the school had described were not any of the symptoms I had seen in my daughter myself. I also contacted several groups and asked many questions. One of the most helpful was being able to contact not only my daughters’ pediatrician but I was able to contact several other doctors with informal questions. I also kept a log of my daughters’ behavior for a few weeks as well as have a few conversations with my daughter. It was almost like a process of elimination with changing diets, changing sleeping patterns and changing the home routine for a little bit. With her pediatricians advice I was also asked to do some of the things I had already done to see if that would make a difference. In the end it was just the school not being a good fit for my daughter and she was not being challenged properly while in school and once we relocated her to another school it seemed things slowed down and straightened out. If given another chance to help my children out properly or myself in a situation like this I would definitely do it again. I think  that we give in to the world of medication these days and rely too much on a magic pill to fix everything instead of going through the process of elimination to find out what is wrong with our daily lives and making sure what we do makes us really happy. How did the world function 20 years ago before the magic pills we are prescribed today? It is something to think about.

Coca Cola uses SWOT analysis to access their performance

Coca Cola uses SWOT analysis to access their performance Strengths Coca Cola is an enormously familiar company. Recognition is one of its bigger strengths that are almost unparalleled. Coca Cola is known very well across the world. Its branding is clear and renowned. The logo of Coca Cola is one of the most famous things in the world. Some people buy coke, not only because of its taste but because it is widely accepted and they feel like they are part of something so big and unifying. Overwhelming is the best word to describe Coca Colas popularity. It is scary to think that its popularity has been constantly growing over the years and the possibility that there is still room to grow. If you speak the words Coca Cola, it would definitely be recognized all around the world. Money is another thing that is strength of the company. Coca Cola deals with massive amounts of money all year. Like all businesses, they have had their ups and downs financially, but they have done well in this compartment and will continue to do well and improve. The money they a re earning is substantially better than most beverage companies, and with that money, they put back into their own company so that they can improve. Another strength that is very important to Coca Cola is customer loyalty. The 80/20 rule comes into effect in this situation. Eighty percent of their profit comes from 20% of their loyal customers. Many people/families are extremely loyal to Coca Cola. It would not be rare to constantly find bottles and cases of a product such as coke in a house. It seems that some people would drink coke religiously like some people would drink water and milk. This is an improbable feat. Weaknesses Coca Cola is a very successful company, with limited weaknesses. However they do have a variety of weaknesses that need to be addressed if they want to rise to the next level. Word of mouth is probably a strength and weakness of every company. While many people have good things to say, there are many individuals who are against Coca Cola as a company, and the products in which they produce. While people will have their opinions, you have to try to sway their negative views. If bad comments and views are put out to people who have yet to try Coca Cola products, then that could produce a lost customer which shows why word of mouth is a weakness. Another aspect that could be viewed as a weakness is the lack of popularity of many of Coca Colas drinks. Many drinks that they produce are extremely popular such as Coke and Sprite but this company has approximately 400 different drink types. Most are unknown and rarely seen for available purchase. These drinks do not probably taste bad, but a re rather a result of low profile or nonexistent advertising. This is a weakness that needs to be looked at when analyzing their company. Another weakness that has been greatly publicized is the health issues that surround some of their products. It is known that a popular product like coke is not very beneficial to your body and your health. With todays constant shift to health products, some products could possibly loose customers. Opportunities Coca Cola has a few opportunities in its business. It has many successful brands that it should continue to exploit and pursue. Coca Cola also has the opportunity to advertise its less popular products. With a large income it has the available money to put some of these other beverages on the market. This could be very beneficial to the company if they could start selling these other products to the same extent that they do with their main products. Another opportunity that we have seen being put to use before is the ability for Coca Cola to buy out their competition. This opportunity rarely presents itself in the world of business. However, with Coca Colas power and success, such a task is not impossible. Coca Cola has bought out a countless number of drink brands. An easy way to turn their profit into your profit is too buy out their company. Brand recognition is the significant factor affecting Cokes competitive position. Coca Cola is known well throughout 90% of the world populat ion today. Now Coca Cola wants to get there brand name known even better and possibly get closer and closer to 100%. It is an opportunity that most companies will ever dream of, and would be a supreme accomplishment. Threats Despite the fact that Coca Cola dominates its market, it still has to deal with many threats. Even though Coca Cola and Pepsi control nearly 40% of the entire beverage market, the changing health-consciousness attitude of the market could have a serious effect on Coca Cola. This definitely needs to be viewed as a dominant threat. In todays world, people are constantly trying to change their eating and drinking habits. This could directly affect the sale of Coca Colas products. Another possible issue is the legal side of things. There are always issues with a company of such supreme wealth and popularity. Somebody is always trying to find fault with the best and take them down. Coca Cola has to be careful with lawsuits. Other threats are of course the competition. Coca Colas main competition being Pepsi, sells a very similar drink. Coca Cola needs to be careful that Pepsi does not grow to be a more successful drink. Other product such as juices, coffee, and milk are threats.

Elvis Presley Essay -- essays research papers

ELVIS PRESLEY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Well a hard headed woman† Elvis Presley sang into the mike as he wildly strummed his guitar. Elvis Aaron Presley was born on January 8th,,1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi. His parents, Vernon and Gladys were poor farmers who had strong religious backgrounds. They raised Elvis in Tupelo where he learned how to sing and developed his guitar playing skills. Elvis did not have many friends growing up as a kid. His best friend was his guitar, which he picked up at age 11. When Elvis turned 13, his parents moved him to Memphis, Tennessee, where he attended Humes High School until 1953. Music was not Elvis’s first job. During his teens he worked as an usher and a truck driver. Elvis was driving down the road in his truck one day when he saw a sign that said RECORD MUSIC-FOUR SONGS FOR TWO DOLLARS. Elvis decided that he should see where he could take this opportunity. He went into the studio and recorded two songs for his mother. Elvis enjoyed recording and singing and began to send his tapes to managers. One manager, Colonel Tom Parker, enjoyed the sound of Elvis’s voice and decided to take on the young singer. Elvis kept recording and recording and sending and sending until finally he recorded two hits, â€Å"That’s All Right Mama† and â€Å"Blue Moon of Kentucky.† A sensation was born. In 1956 Elvis recorded â€Å"Heartbreak Hotel†, his first number one hit. The hits began to come in the dozens. â€Å"Hound d og†, â€Å"Don’t Be C...

Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey Essay -- Establishment of M

Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey The novel Deliverance by James Dickey portrays the essence of middle-aged men experiencing the mid-life crisis through which they must prove to themselves and more importantly every one else that they still possess the strength, bravery, intelligence, and charm believed to be society's ideal of "masculinity." Dickey's four main characters undertake a risky adventure to satisfy their egotistical complexes and prove to the world that they are still the strong young men their wives married. Each character represents a different stereotype of the middle-aged man, and therefore experiences a different type of psychological and physical journey than their peers. The character Drew Ballinger in Deliverance is a sales supervisor at a soft-drink company who is very devoted to his son and his job. Drew is the character who represents the middle-aged man's desire for talent and attention. Drew plays the guitar and his music is his true companion. Without having any talent, as he would be the first to tell you, Drew played mighty well, through sheer devotion.(Dickey, 11) For Drew the highlight of this trip is his duo with Lonnie, an uneducated banjo player. Drew obviously finds this the most exhilarating part of the adventure in that he is the center of attention and is playing very well with a talented young man. I had never heard him play so well, and I really began to listen deeply, moved as an unmusical person is moved when he sees that the music is meant†¦.I could not see Drew's face, but the back of his neck was sheer joy†¦I was glad for Drew's sake that we had come. Jus... ...ecame a possession to me, a personal, private possession, as nothing else in my life ever had. Now it ran nowhere but in my head, but there it ran as though immortally. I could feel it - I can feel it - on different places on my body. It pleases me in some curious way that the river does not exist, and that I have it. In me it still is, and will be until I die, green, rocky, deep, fast, slow and beautiful beyond reality†¦The river underlies†¦everything that I do. It is always finding a way to serve me†¦(Dickey, 275-6) Thus, Ed is the protagonist and hero of Deliverance. It is through this perilous voyage that Drew, Bobby, Lewis, and Ed undertake, that they prove their "masculinity," or lack there of, to themselves and to the society in which they live. Works Cited Dickey, James Deliverance. 1970. New York: Dell Publishing, 1994. Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey Essay -- Establishment of M Masculinity in Deliverance by James Dickey The novel Deliverance by James Dickey portrays the essence of middle-aged men experiencing the mid-life crisis through which they must prove to themselves and more importantly every one else that they still possess the strength, bravery, intelligence, and charm believed to be society's ideal of "masculinity." Dickey's four main characters undertake a risky adventure to satisfy their egotistical complexes and prove to the world that they are still the strong young men their wives married. Each character represents a different stereotype of the middle-aged man, and therefore experiences a different type of psychological and physical journey than their peers. The character Drew Ballinger in Deliverance is a sales supervisor at a soft-drink company who is very devoted to his son and his job. Drew is the character who represents the middle-aged man's desire for talent and attention. Drew plays the guitar and his music is his true companion. Without having any talent, as he would be the first to tell you, Drew played mighty well, through sheer devotion.(Dickey, 11) For Drew the highlight of this trip is his duo with Lonnie, an uneducated banjo player. Drew obviously finds this the most exhilarating part of the adventure in that he is the center of attention and is playing very well with a talented young man. I had never heard him play so well, and I really began to listen deeply, moved as an unmusical person is moved when he sees that the music is meant†¦.I could not see Drew's face, but the back of his neck was sheer joy†¦I was glad for Drew's sake that we had come. Jus... ...ecame a possession to me, a personal, private possession, as nothing else in my life ever had. Now it ran nowhere but in my head, but there it ran as though immortally. I could feel it - I can feel it - on different places on my body. It pleases me in some curious way that the river does not exist, and that I have it. In me it still is, and will be until I die, green, rocky, deep, fast, slow and beautiful beyond reality†¦The river underlies†¦everything that I do. It is always finding a way to serve me†¦(Dickey, 275-6) Thus, Ed is the protagonist and hero of Deliverance. It is through this perilous voyage that Drew, Bobby, Lewis, and Ed undertake, that they prove their "masculinity," or lack there of, to themselves and to the society in which they live. Works Cited Dickey, James Deliverance. 1970. New York: Dell Publishing, 1994.

the red badge of courage :: essays research papers

A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Red Badge of Courage written by Stephen Crane B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This novel traces the effects of war on a Union Soldier named Henry Fleming. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story begins with Henry Fleming’s dreams of being a soldier, to enlistment, and then to battle in the Civil War. His dream was to be a war hero and to be adored for his amazing achievements. It was his decision to make, even though his mother was against the idea of going to war. Since there was nothing happening during his monotonous life on the farm, he finally decided to enlist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ironically, even after he enlists, he finds himself sitting around. He made two new friends named John Wilson and Jim Conklin. Wilson was as excited about going to war as Fleming, but Conklin was confident about the success of the new regiment. Henry began to realize that his regiment was just wandering aimlessly. Eventually, Henry began to think about the battles differently. He started to become afraid that he might run from the fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally when the regiment discovers a battle, Jim gives Henry a packet in a yellow envelope, telling Henry that this will be his first and last battle. The regiment managed to hold off the rebels for the first charge, but then the rebels came back with the reinforcements driving back the regiment. One man attempted to flee, then another, and the situation soon began to snow ball. Henry became scared and confused when he saw his forces losing horribly. He finally got up and ran for cover.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry started to rationalize his behavior of running from the enemy. His first impression was that he was a coward. Later, he began to see how he saved his own life. He felt that nature did not want him to die even though his side was losing. He believed that he was intelligent for running and hopes that he will die in battle, just for spite. Henry then met up with Jim who watched their acquaintance die slowly. In the next charge, Henry starts asking the soldiers why they are running. He grabbed a fellow by the arm and asked him, not willing to let go. The man hit Henry over the head with the butt of his gun, giving him his first Red Badge of Courage. Henry stumbles around for a while until a cheery man comes up and helps him. At his regiment he confronts Wilson to ask him if he needs any help with his wound. He then gets back into battle.

‘Raw’ by Scott Monk Essay

‘Raw’ is a novel written by an Australian author Scott Monk for young teenagers to explore an alternative approach to the juvenile justice system, one that supports and encourages young offenders to take responsibility for their actions. Monk uses significant episodes, contrast in characterisation and a range of language techniques to show the central character journey as he learns to take responsibility for himself. Monks plot is based on a theme which is action – packed with violent episodes such as Tyson and his gang attacking Brett and cutting of all of his hair. As well, it is based on a love triangle where Brett is put in between his new love interest Caitlyn and his ex-girlfriend Rebecca. It also follows a journey theme where Brett changes once he travelled an 800 km journey from Sydney to the Farm. The plot is episodic and highlights the change in Brett. Episodes which show this change and that it is sometimes difficult for him include, walking away from f ighting Mr Douglass, not letting his anger control him, â€Å"he’d lost one fight but won another† As well as apologising to Caitlyn realising that he was wrong and wanting to fix his mistakes, â€Å"And he’d learnt that the hard way that love couldn’t be owned† One main character was used to show the theme of a troubled individual and society’s way of dealing with them. Monk writes in third person but with Brett’s perspective. He also used many secondary characters who are a part of Brett’s journey such as, his love interest Caitlyn, friends Josh, Sam, Robbie and enemy Tyson. Monk also cleverly contrasted characters to highlight the aspects of society, for example, Sam treats the kids like normal citizens, not criminals and tries to help them rebuild their lives, which is contrast to Mr Douglass who makes assumptions about Brett and all of the boys at the farm, not treating them as normal citizens of society and not allowing them to show that people can change. Monk also used Brett’s developing relationships to show his slow growth into someone who has something to offer society. For example, his relationship with Caitlyn teaches him that you need to treat people with love and respect to receive it, he also learnt that other people’s wants and needs are just as important as his own. His relationship with josh allows him to understand  that someone will always have it worse then you and that whatever is happening only you can control and change your future. â€Å"Just remember, Brett, only you can change your life.† The language used in the novel is directed at Monks youth audience. He uses colloquial language, ‘when Brett calls the police (pigs)’ as well as lots of direct speech to show the interactions between Brett and the other characters, (Josh) â€Å"I saw you perving at Caitlyn† (Brett) â€Å"what! Is that her name?† Monk uses descriptive language builds up the imagery of his characters, â€Å"The man looked like an old cowboy or one of those guys who drive cattle, a stockman† As well as the settings used, imagery is sometimes very symbolic for example, Brett leaves Sydney and arrives at the farm in a paddy wagon then 3 months later leaves back to Sydney in the paddy wagon but as a changed man. Monks presentation of the farm as a juvenile detention centre shows his audience another side of this issue. There is minimal security, few rules where Sam and Mary treat everyone as individuals â€Å"don’t call Brett a no-hopper!† Monks theme of the individual being responsible for his/her own actions is shown well. His characters show that when they make bad decisions there are repercussions. For example, Rebecca’s decisions ruined her future, and Tyson’s bad choices ends him in jail. At the start of the novel Brett was consistently making bad choices but by the end of the novel Brett is making good choices, which is shown when he walks away from Mr Douglass. The epilogue of the novel shows the result of this idea when Sam asks if he’s learned anything and he realises he has, â€Å"lots of stuff, like friendship. Trust. Love. And loss.† Even though he is going back to Sydney, in the same paddy wagon he came in, to go to a ‘proper’ detention centre, Monk shows that Brett has changed through his thoughts at the end, ‘He was young and he was going to start again’ Scott Monk wanted his readers to know that if you are in a bad situation only you can change that, but having people around you who offer a second chance can be vital to prove that you can be a good person and you can change for the better.

Narratives in Conversation

Narratives in Conversation By Agatha Xaris Villa INTRODUCTION This essay focuses on the study of the narrative most prevalent in everyday conversations – the conversational narrative. First, it discusses a definition of the narrative from a structural level based on the structure of conversational narrative presented by William Labov (1972). Next, it enumerates some of the important functions which the narrative is able to achieve both on a personal level and also on the interpersonal. Lastly, it ventures to explore the notion of the narrative based on its context – language and society, culture.NARRATIVES: A STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE In the 1960s and 1970s, William Labov developed what is now commonly believed to be the general structure of a narrative. His research involved ‘a focus on spontaneous recounting of experience’ and the capturing of vernacular, unmonitored speech. He interviewed African American youths in South Harlem and asked them whether they h ad ever encountered a life-endangering experience. He found that the stories which ensued from these interviews ‘reduced the effects of observation to a minimum’ (Labov, 2001) and referred to them as oral narratives of personal experience.Through his study, Labov noted some very important structural characteristics of oral narratives. First, he observed that the events featured in narratives often appeared in the order in which they actually happened. According to his definition, the narrative was a way of retelling (i. e. narrating) the action sequence of an event that had already happened. Therefore, parts of conversation considered to be ‘narrative’ was limited to the discursive data contributing to the recounting of the turn of events.All other parts which were not directly related to the story served the purpose of backing up the story. He claimed that these oral narratives usually had a basic structure composed of any of the following six basic parts: (1) Abstract, (2) Orientation, (3) Complicating action, (4) Evaluation, (5) Resolution and (6) Coda. Using a transcript of ‘Sample Stories – Stories about mothers’ (CD-ROM 1, Band 6)(Appendix 1. 1), we may illustrate these elements as they occur in actual oral narratives. The data presented has two speakers: a female interviewer (A) and a male interviewee (B).The transcript also features two accounts: the first is with regards to (B)’s early memories of his mother who was training as an educational psychologist and the second of which occurred sometime during his adolescence. By definition, an abstract is a synopsis of what the story is about. Looking at the transcript of ‘Stories about mothers’, it is useful to note that the first story offered by (B) seems to lack an abstract. This, however, is understandable as his story was elicited by (A)’s question regarding childhood memories of his mother. Therefore, the interviewer provided th e abstract prior to the beginning of the narrative.In the second story, the abstract is located in line 21-22 wherein (B) cites when his mother was ‘most sympathetic’ to him – during his ‘adolescent rebellion stage’. Typically, the orientation appears first in the narration and begins by citing the basic details of the story: that is, the ‘who’, the ‘what’, ‘where’ and ‘what were they doing’ of the narrative. In our transcript we can detect the beginning of an orientation in lines 5-10 in which (B) recounts when his mother had begun studying educational psychology and some of the tests she carried out on him and his brother.The complicating action effectively answers the question – ‘then, what happened? ’ An example may be found in line 11 where (B) said recalls his mother’s reaction to a ‘slightly alarming’ result of an inkblot test. The complicating action i s the only element which Labov believed to be a pre-requisite to a narrative. On the other hand, evaluation is the only element which does not necessarily happen in sequential order in a story. It may occur in any part of the story, most noticeably at the story’s climax and answers the question – ‘so what? ’.It may come in the form of ‘external evaluation’ (narrator steps in to give an evaluation)(e. g. line 10: referring to the intelligence tests as ‘actually fine’) or ‘internal evaluation’ such as intensifiers (which emphasize on aspects of a story)(e. g. ‘†¦she took it very, very seriously’. ), paralinguistic features (e. g. the use of sound effects, facial expressions and gestures) and the taking on of other people’s voices (Bakhtin, 1981). Evaluation is important to the narrative as it is a way for narrators to emphasize important parts of the story by drawing the attention of his listene rs by adding more information.An obvious paralinguistic feature which we can deduce from the transcript was (B)’s use of tone and pause. At about line 11, he starts using a rather loud and fast-paced voice but the dynamic changes in line 13 before (B) voices out his mother saying ‘Oh I see†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ followed by a pregnant pause for ‘dramatic effect’. It may be argued that tone and the pauses were used evaluatively and therefore is a very good example of how people are able to use language creatively even in everyday conversation. In a narrative, the resolution is what we refer to as the concluding action – what finally happened.For example, in conclusion to the memory of the slight scare regarding the inkblot test, we are told that (B)’s mother reassures him that he needn’t worry because she was ‘just learning’ (line 15-16). The final element, the Coda, tells us how the story is relevant to the storyteller or his audie nce in the present time. A potential coda may be found in line 18 where (B) jokes that he now thinks that the results of his mother’s tests were ‘right’. The Labovian categories regarding the narrative structure has been criticized for ‘constricting’ what can be considered a story but continues to have significant impact on narrative study even today.It persists to be a useful procedure in narrative analysis by providing a succinct set of categories for defining ‘stories’. Furthermore, while it emphasizes on the ‘flow’ relationship between ‘experience, cognition and representation’ – it spends a fair amount of time taking the language into consideration before attempting to make sense of it (Squire, 2008). NARRATIVES: A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE Rather than identifying narratives according to their structural characteristics, we may also define narratives according to the function they accomplish in relation to the storyteller and his or her audience.In the process of storytelling, the narrator is not only able to recount the happenings of past events but in addition, the resultant narrative is imbued with select aspects of the teller’s identity. Through the narrative, the storyteller tells his audience the ‘kind of person’ he sees himself as. (Toolan, 2006, p. 63). Narrative identity may be projected in the narrator’s use of evaluative language. Sometimes during the course of an oral narrative, the speaker might use different styles (style-shifting) or language varieties (i. . codeswitching) in order to ‘create voices’ for their characters and may serve to help in the transmission of identity and allegiance (Maybin, 1996). In ‘Stories about Mothers’, (B) portrayed himself as an active participant in his mother’s tests. In retrospect, he seems to be telling us that at present, he is rather fond of his childhood memories of his mother (perhaps alluding that he has a good relationship with his mother now) and that he has since grown out of his rebellious teenage stage (he’s ‘mature’ now).Narratives not only serve a personal function but may also serve an important interpersonal purpose. According to the work of Norrick on nuclear families (1997), participation in co-narration (which is common practice in families and others in close relationships) is a way for family members to demonstrate and therefore solidify their position within the family. He believes that family membership may be measured by the contribution that a member is able to provide to the act of shared narration. Through the shared arration of past or recurring events, individuals exhibit shared group identity and allegiance. Norrick also points out that shared narration may also function as a way to demonstrate shared values within families. While an outsider may not have the advantage of having shared experiences with other family members and so be unable to participate in the co-telling of past events, he or she may use his or her own experiences which are similar to those of the family in order, thereby adopting values inherent with the family.In this way, outsiders may gain acceptance as ‘insiders’ of the family. All this is in agreement with Bruner’s suggestion that ‘our sensitivity to narrative provides the major link between our own sense of self and our sense of others in the social world around us’ (1986). NARRATIVES: A CONTEXTUAL PERSPECTIVE In order to gain a full understanding of the narrative, one must take context into serious consideration because stories are constantly under the influence of the narrator’s representation of experience as well as of language, society and culture.While it is a narrator’s prerogative to portray the characters and events of his story in a manner of his choice, the details of the story and the way that it i s told is largely influenced by the storyteller’s personal notions of himself, those around him and events. Stories, whether they are in written or oral form are all representations of the narrator’s experience (Toolan, 2006, p. 68). External and internal evaluations are important tools used by the narrator to be able to represent their experience of people and events through the narrative.In addition, evaluation may also be ‘embedded’ into narratives when narrators directly quote a character (Toolan, 2006, p. 68). In ‘Stories about mothers’, [B] repeatedly gives voice to his mother by quoting some of the things she used to say (e. g. You’ll be fine! ). How experiences are represented all depends on the narrator’s personal constructs. Personal constructs are inner worlds and perceptions that determine the way that we ‘see’ people and events and are largely determined and affected by language, culture and society.The importance of taking the socio-cultural context of a narrative is important especially when we move to decoding the ‘meaning’ behind narratives. In 1975, Grice explained that everyday conversations were being guided by four maxims: the maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relation and Manner (Toolan, 2006, 72). These maxims (inferential norms or so called conversation implicatures) explain how individuals are able to ‘logically’ comprehend meaning in conversation but may be insufficient when trying to explain how stories or jokes are understood.Nair (2002) proposed that in the process of narrative inferencing (i. e. , the way that we figure out what a story means), cultural cooperation between the narrator and the audience is of utmost importance. The implications regarding the importance of impliculture in narrative inferencing is that we are reminded that (1) there are aspects of narratives which are culturally situated and must be interpreted in the context of t he same culture and (2) therefore, only individuals who share the same cultural identity may fully interpret cultural narratives.The relationship between the narrative and culture is further demonstrated by the fact that stories of folklore and native traditions have been passed on from generation to generation in the form of the narrative. In this way, narratives contribute to the preservation and transmission of cultural identity and belonging. CONCLUSION Stories are commonplace in everyday life. In fact, it has been said that conversational English is largely in the form of the narrative (Maybin, 1996) – in laidback conversations with friends and relatives to our more professional interactions with colleagues in the workplace.They can be identified through their structural characteristics, the personal and interpersonal functions they serve in everyday social life and are both the result and inferred from the socio-cultural context and yet, the oral narrative remains a nat ural part of human life from the cradle to the grave – from the silly bed time stories we are told in childhood, to the epitaphs told in ‘our memory’ at our lives end. REFERENCES Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination. Austin. State University of Texas Press. Bruner, J. 1986). Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In Cole, P. and Morgan, J. (eds) Syntax and Semantics. 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press. Labov, W. (1972). Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. Labov, W. (2001). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maybin, J. (1996)(Ed). Chapter 1 ‘Everyday Talk’. In Maybin, J. and Mercer, N. eds) Using English from conversation to canon. Routledge/The Open University. pg. 21-27 Nair, R. B. (2002). Narrative Gravity. Chapter 5 ‘Rationality and rel evance’. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Norrick, N. R. (1997). Language in Society, 26(2). pg. 199-220. Squire, C. (2008). Reading Narratives. http://www. uel. ac. uk/cnr/documents/CNRWIPJune04Squire. doc (accessed: July 2008) Toolan, M. (2006). Chapter 2 ‘Telling Stories’. In Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English: everyday creativity. The Open University. pg. 54-76

The effectiveness and roles of CAMHS Emergency/Paediatric Liaison Teams in general hospital/Paediatric settings: A Systematic Literature Review

our site – CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING – DISSERTATION EXAMPLES Abstract CAMHS Emergency/Paediatric Liaison plays a vital role in the mental and physical health of children and adults, and has numerous benefits, both for the practitioners and for the patients. This report presents a systematic review of literature on the effectiveness and roles of CAMHS emergency/paediatric liaison teams in general hospital/paediatric settings. The main source of literature that were used in this study comprised of journal articles obtained from different scientific databases such as PubMed and Emerald. Whilst the role of CAMHS emergency/Paediatric liaison teams in healthcare are acknowledged in this research, it has been established that their effectiveness is hampered by their current limited capacity. Introduction In healthcare, interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary teams play a key role in provision of overall services to different groups of interest. Such teams comprise of healthcare professionals and workers specialised in different disciplines, each providing different services that contribute to the overall well-being of the patient(s) (Ke et al., 2013). An example of such teams is the collaboration between professionals in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) and paediatrics, who work in liaison to provide mental and physical health interventions for children in different healthcare settings (Lamb & Murphy, 2013). The link between mental and physical health problems among children have been recognized for a long time, and one way in which this can be addressed is through the integration of child psychiatric and paediatric services (Herrenkohl et al., 2013). Child psychiatrists who work in paediatric liaison settings argue that there are several cases of children whose parents/guardians incur high service costs in treating physical symptoms that turn out to have underlying psychiatric issues (Costello et al., 2014). Such conditions include Somatoform disorders, which are exhibited through physical symptoms(Perez et al., 2015). These high costs can be effectively through hospital paediatric liaison mental health services because it facilitates evidence-informed diagnoses and treatment from both physical and psychiatric practitioners. Other benefits include proper interventions for physical and psychiatric health issues among children(Costello et al., 2014). However, evidence from researches such as Foster (2009) indicated that in the United Kingdom, such liaisons are few and as well, have a high vulnerability to service cuts. As this literature review explores of the effectiveness and roles of CAMHS emergency/paediatric liaison teams in general hospital/paediatric settings, it critically evaluates its possible positive and negative implications in child care. It is based on this reviews that recommendations for practice can be provided to ensure that such multidisciplinary teams solve the problems that may be currently being faced as a result of the shortage of paediatric liaison mental health services (PL CAMHS). The objectives that are to be addressed in this review of literature are as listed below: To examine how CAMHS Emergency/Paediatric Liaison Teams in general hospital/Paediatric settings work. To establish the effectiveness of CAMHS Emergency/Paediatric Liaison Teams in general hospital/Paediatric settings. Methodology During this research, a secondary study approach, through a systematic literature review, was used. This research approach involved the utilization of data from sources that have already been published on the subject being studied. The selection of this research approach was because a lot of information can be obtained from a wide variety of sources within a short time (Lilford, et al., 2017). This is as compared to primary research where respondents would have to be selected, and data collection approached administered to them, which is both time consuming and costly. With regards to the inclusion and exclusion criterion, priority was given to article that have been published in reputable journal databases such as Pubmed, Wiley Online Library, Biomed and Emerald. This was instrumental in ensuring the authenticity of both the sources and the information contained in them because journal articles published on these databases undergo a rigorous process of review. When searching for data sources on the internet, keywords were used in order to return the articles, books or reports that had the most relevance for the research. Some of the key words that were used included ‘paediatrics, ‘child mental health’, ‘CAMHS Emergency/Paediatric Liaison’ and ‘multidisciplinary teams in healthcare’. Another criterion used for selection was the time of publication. The sources used were only to be those published within the past 10 years. Selection of recent data sources is ideal because it provides information that is still relevant and valid. Given that the UK health sector undergoes constant changes in order to make it more effective and efficient, reliance on older sources might provide an inaccurate description of the current situation with regards to CAMHS Emergency/Paediatric Liaison. On application of these search, inclusion and exclusion criteria in searching for secondary sources, there was an assurance that the information presented in the systematic review was highly relevant. Tables were used in the presentation of results.FindingsIn most cases, caregivers of the patients may be concerned, and wish to access some advice so as to determine the possible impact of an illness to a child and also explore some of the possible ways of getting to communicate about the illnes ses (Herbert et al., 2016). Referrals in most cases get to typically involve those situations where there are some additional psychological issues. The liaison service has a great advantage as it is multidisciplinary and it provides so many interventions that could include; psychiatric nursing, family work, and some psychological therapies. Teaching, consultation, supervision and training is provided for the therapists and also the staff that is working hard towards the provision of the required services. Young people and child mental health is sub-specialty of both paediatrics and also mental health. The disparity that exists between the fields leads to some delay in the development of young people and child mental health services (Wilson, Metcalfe & McLeod, 2015). Berelowitz, and Hugo (2015) claim that liaison between the mental health and general services can be quite challenging and it is often unmanaged and unplanned. The need for a robust liaison model is recognized, however collaborative working especially between the professionals is rarely evident. A framework that is multidisciplinary is the most effective working model for liaison. There needs to be a lot of commitment in the psychiatric, paediatric and also psychological disciplines as they are very essential to its overall success. More children and also adolescents are presenting the A & E departments with harm that they cause on themselves, they are admitted with other conditions that include, psychosis, psychosomatic problems and also some eating disorders (Griffith &Glasby, 2015). It has generally led to an increase in the number that is accommodated on the adolescent units and the pediatric wards. Provision of the inpatient CAMHS is yet to catch up with an increase in the recognition of the increased need. The mental health needs of the children and adolescents have received a high priority especially in those health policies that have been formulated recently. The nurses have a role to ensure that they provides collaborative and also evidence based mental healthcare for the children and adolescents as well irrespective of their clinical environment (Wilson, Metcalfe & McLeod, 2015). CAMHS nursing role is very specific and adds a lot of dimension in most cases to the care that the children and also adolescents that have the mental health issues need. It is inclusive of those other disciplines that lack time, resources and also skills so as to deliver effectively. Liaison nursing has its major focus on the relationship that exists between the patients and also the nurses rather than the treatment and also diagnosis of various diseases (Cleaver, 2014). Nurses that are available in CAMHS liaison have the duty of providing, consultation, clinical care, education, supervision, nursing and also ensure that they undertake research(Ke et al., 2013). They ensure that they provide both support and also nursing advice to the colleagues that are in the paediatric setting and they all the time as they have a responsibility of ensuring that the wellbeing and also safety of the clients is provided fully. Recognition of the fact that nurses are providing care in an environment t hat is less than perfect is very important to the building of partnerships that are effective. It also leads to the acknowledgement of the challenges of caring for those adolescents that are troubled in the emergency departments or even the paediatric ward (Herbert et al., 2016). Glazebrook, Townsend and Sayal (2015) found out that the response given to the children and adolescent mental health needs requires some serious consideration of the variety of services that are provided at different levels. They are the early intervention programs, the ones of mental health promotion, the primary and also community mental health care services, and specialist services on mental health for those conditions that are more serious. A lot of evidence has been documented to clearly demonstrate that the behavioural difficulties and also early implementation of the programs that are meant to support the families can lead to better outcomes in the health of the children and also adolescents that are at risk of developing chronic mental health problems (Griffith & Glasby, 2015). CAMHS programs have been very crucial in addressing the risks that are faced and also providing some protective factors early in life need (Glazebrook, Townsend & Sayal, 2015).Wilson, Metcalfe, and McLeod (2015) add that for those children and also adolescents that are at more risk, this includes those ones that come from families that have a lower income, low levels of education, and also all those ones that live in those areas that are disadvantaged. The schools also have a role of ensuring that they focus on promoting positive mental health. An approach that is based on the school encompasses the whole learning environment of the learner and this includes the physical environment, curriculum, and also the links that exist between the community and the parents as well (Cleaver, 2014). There are some capacity building and also personal elements of mental development that lead to the general improvement of the children and also provide more opportunities that promote their wellbeing. Prevention of bullying is a key element that leads to the promotion of health, so there is need to develop some policies that deter such vices from existing in the learning environments(Costello et al., 2014). Adolescent is a very crucial stage in the psychological development of a child. The children require a lot of understanding of the life challenges that they face so that they can develop skills so as to cope with those emotions that are considered to be difficult (Cleaver, 2014). The adolescence stage is a time that a higher risk of poor mental health that may result in depression, anxiety, depression, psychosis, substance misuse and even some eating disorders. There is also an increasing risk of suicidal behaviour and even deliberate self-harm. CAMHS is very crucial in providing the children and also adolescents the services that they need (Glazebrook, Townsend & Sayal, 2015). Discussion The increasing number of both children and also young people who have mental problems and receive care in the paediatric settings presents a huge challenge to the nurses. Some of them do not have any mental nursing experiences or even qualifications (Herbert et al., 2016). Cleaver (2014) claims that on call nursing support is something that most of the nurses feel is the most beneficial, aspect of the services of liaison teaching and also individual support with the young person is very important. There is need to ensure that a project is initiated that will lead to improvement of liaison in the general paediatric wards and the child and also adolescent mental health services. There is a gap that exists in addressing the need of the many children and young adults that have physical illnesses and also some mental health needs. CAMHS paediatric liaison service tends to focus on the mind and also body interface. The service offers consultation to so many referrers. They provide a lot of help to the children and also adolescents that have mental health problems. Interventions that they offer are of help not only to the affected group, but also to their families as well (Cleaver, 2014). Herbert et al. (2016) assert that they also target the psychological barriers that exist to physical care, the psychological management of the physical symptoms among many other issues. It has over the years provided consultation and also advice to adult services especially in the hospital for those patients that need some care due to their mental state. Even though the objectives of the research were met, there are several limitations that were encountered in this research that may have limited the effectiveness with which the research objectives could have been met. One of these was the challenge in the selection of article to include in the report, out of hundreds that were found online. In addition to this, the fact that many databases had to be accessed, some of this requiring paid access, also contributed to the limitations of the study. Whilst the secondary research approach has its strengths, there are some associated limitations. The strengths include the fact that the need for ethical clearance before carrying out the research is less emphasised (Mallett et al., 2012). This is as compared to primary research where research ethics have to be adhered to in order to avoid exposing research subjects to any form of harm. A limitation, on the other hand, is in the fact that the information collected is not first hand and thus, makes it difficult to ascertain that indeed, that is the exact issue or challenge being faced in CAMHS Emergency/Paediatric Liaison situations in the United Kingdom. In conclusion, the findings from the different sources that were included in this systematic review highlight the importance of CAMHS-PL liaisons in general hospitals. Children and adolescents who may have psychiatric issues that are manifested through physical symptoms have an assurance of getting the necessary intervention and relief by seeking these services. Another advantage is that the overall costs incurred in treatment are less than when physical and mental healthcare are disconnected(Costello et al., 2014). Some of the issues that can be effectively addressed by CAMHS/Paediatric liaisons include tobacco use among adolescents that may lead to mental issues, insecure attachments that contribute towards self-harm, acute mental distress and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders, among others. This justifies the need for more multidisciplinary teams in child and adolescent physical and psychiatric care. References Berelowitz, M., & Hugo, P. (2015). Management of the Really Sick Child or Adolescent with Anorexia Nervosa in Hospital: The Role of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. In Critical Care for Anorexia Nervosa (pp. 11-40). Springer International Publishing. Cleaver, K. (2014). Attitudes of emergency care staff towards young people who self-harm: a scoping review. International emergency nursing, 22(1), 52-61. Costello, E. J., He, J. P., Sampson, N. A., Kessler, R. C., & Merikangas, K. R. (2014). Services for adolescents with psychiatric disorders: 12-month data from the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent. Psychiatric Services, 65 (3), 359-366. Foster, C. (2009). Adolescents in Acute Mental Distress on Inpatient Pediatric Settings: Reflections From a Pediatric Liaison Practitioner. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 22 (1), 16–22. Garralda, M., & Slaveska-Hollis, K. (2016). What is special about a Paediatric Liaison Child and Adolescent Mental Health serviceChild and Adolescent Mental Health, 21 (2), 96–101 . Glazebrook, K., Townsend, E., & Sayal, K. (2015). The Role of Attachment Style in Predicting Repetition of Adolescent Self?Harm: A Longitudinal Study. Suicide and life-threatening behavior, 45(6), 664-678. Griffith, L., &Glasby, J. (2015). â€Å"When we say ‘urgent’it means now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Health and social care leaders’ perceptions of each other’s roles and ways of working. Journal of Integrated Care, 23(3), 143-152. Herbert, A., Christian, C. I. S., & RA, C. (2016). CAMHS/AMHS Transition Policy, Islington. Policy. Herrenkohl, T. I., Hong, S., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2013). Developmental impacts of child abuse and neglect related to adult mental health, substance use, and physical health. Journal of family violence, 28 (2), 191-199. Ke, K. M., Blazeby, J. M., Strong, S., Carroll, F. E., Ness, A. R., & Hollingworth, W. (2013). Are multidisciplinary teams in secondary care cost-effectiveA systematic review of the literature. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 11 (1), 7. Kulkarni, M., Huddlestone, L., Taylor, A., Sayal, K., & Ratschen, E. (2014). A cross-sectional survey of mental health clinicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice relating to tobacco dependence among young people with mental disorders. BMC Health Services Research, 14 (1), 618. Lamb, C., & Murphy, M. (2013). The divide between child and adult mental health services: points for debate. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202 (54), s41-s44. Perez, D. L., Barsky, A. J., Vago, D. R., Baslet, G., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2015). A neural circuit framework for somatosensory amplification in somatoform disorders. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 27 (1), e40-e50. Wilson, S., Metcalfe, J., & McLeod, S. (2015). Comparing Choice and Partnership Approach assumptions to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. International journal of health care quality assurance, 28(8), 812-825. Wilson, S., Metcalfe, J., & McLeod, S. (2015). Comparing Choice and Partnership Approach assumptions to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 28 (8), 812 – 825.